大气等离子和超音速火焰喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层组织和性能对比

目的 针对航空发动机叶片榫头/榫槽摩擦副工作中的微动磨损问题,开展CoCrAlYSi-hBN抗微动磨损涂层研究.方法 通过大气等离子(APS)和超音速火焰(HVOF)喷涂工艺,制备CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)研究涂层的形貌和微观组织,采用显微硬度计和拉伸试验机测试涂层的显微硬度和结合强度,采用SRV试验机探究涂层的摩擦磨损性能.结果 APS喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层熔化更充分,显微组织均匀,具有更多高含量的hBN和孔隙;HVOF喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层显微组织具有明显的层状结构,涂层致密,hBN和孔隙含量少;APS喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层的硬度平均值为168.4HV0.3,结合强度平均值为44.6 MPa,远小于HVOF喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层的硬度(327.1HV0.3)和结合强度平均值(59.5 MPa).相比HVOF喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层,APS喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层虽然有更低的摩擦系数(0.75),但涂层磨损更严重,涂层磨痕表面有明显的涂层剥落,HVOF喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层磨痕则出现更多的犁沟.结论 HVOF喷涂工艺制备的CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层的综合性能优于APS喷涂CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层,在摩擦过程中,两种工艺制备的CoCrAlYSi-hBN涂层都会转移到对偶件上,从而减少对偶件的磨损,有作为叶片榫头抗微动磨损涂层的潜力.     

Leaching of zinc from tire wear particles under simulated estuarine conditions

Tire wear particles (TWP) abraded from end-of-life passenger car tires have been added at a concentration of 1 g L⁻¹ to river water, sea water and mixtures thereof in order to examine the chemical controls on the leaching of Zn from the rubber matrix. Results of time-dependent experiments conducted over a period of 5 days were consistent with a diffusion controlled leaching mechanism with rate constants of about 0.04 mg L⁻¹ h^−1/2 in river water and between about 0.02 and 0.03 mg L⁻¹ h^−1/2 in sea water. Additional experiments revealed a reduction in Zn dissolution with both increasing salinity and pH and enhancement of leaching in the presence of fluorescent light compared with dark conditions. In corresponding experiments conducted in the presence of a fixed quantity (0.8 g L⁻¹) of clean, fractionated estuarine sediment, aqueous Zn concentrations were reduced by at least an order of magnitude. Increasing the quantity of sediment resulted in a progressive reduction in Zn concentration until an apparent equilibrium was achieved, with partition coefficients defining the sediment-water distribution of Zn of about 550 mL g⁻¹ and 270 mL g⁻¹ in river water and sea water, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of the dissolution of ZnO and other residual complexes from the matrix and the subsequent, rapid adsorption of Zn²⁺ ions to coexistent estuarine sediment. The findings of the study are discussed in terms of their implications for the transport, fate and effects of TWP Zn in aquatic environments that are likely to receive urban runoff.     

泥石流排导槽磨蚀行为特征研究

磨蚀损坏是泥石流排导槽失效的重要诱因之一。对排导槽底面受泥石流冲刷而产生磨蚀的研究现状进行总结,并基于摩擦磨损理论分析排导槽的磨蚀系统特征,以期促进泥石流排导槽磨蚀损坏的机理研究及抗磨蚀结构的研发应用。通过泥石流排导槽磨蚀的野外现象考察和理论分析,总结了磨蚀系统构成、磨蚀影响因素、磨蚀形貌和磨蚀行为特征。结果表明,泥石流排导槽磨蚀面是一个复杂的多相系统,涉及因子众多,符合系统依赖性、时间依赖性和多学科交叉耦合的摩擦学系统特征;磨蚀影响因素分为泥石流自身磨蚀能力因素和排导槽抗磨蚀能力因素两大类,包括泥石流容重、流速、颗粒组分、泥深、流变参数、流态参数、过流持续时间和排导槽结构断面型式、衬砌材料的强度、骨料级配和硬度等;磨蚀形貌可归纳为层状剥落、犁沟状切槽、“壶穴状”磨蚀坑和肋槛顶部磨蚀共四类。     

机动车制动磨损颗粒物及挥发性有机物的组分特征

利用制动惯性实验台测试了6套制动系统,分别采集了制动磨损颗粒物（BWPs）和制动过程中排放的挥发性有机物（VOCs）样品,提取并检测了颗粒物中39种元素、12种水溶性离子、7种碳组分和18种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,分析了气体样品中74种VOCs的浓度.含量较高的12种无机元素（即Sb、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ca、Si、Zr、K、Ba、Al和Fe）在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为43.4%和40.3%,其中Fe的质量分数最高,在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中分别为16.6%和13.1%.元素的粒径分布与BWPs质量分布一致.12种水溶性离子在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为16.5%和12.6%,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺的质量分数平均值较高.总碳（TC）在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为21.9%和18.1%,有机碳（OC）的质量分数平均值是元素碳（EC）的5倍左右.检出率大于50%的PAHs共有6种,其中萘（Nap）含量最为丰富.74种VOCs的浓度平均值为316.04 μg ·m^-3,其中芳香烃的浓度最高.6套制动系统排放的BWPs组分和VOCs构成的差异较大,主要是由刹车片的品牌和制造使用的材料决定的.     

电弧离子镀TiN涂层沉积工艺研究

目的优化电弧离子镀沉积TiN涂层的制备工艺,分析不同N_2/Ar条件对涂层微观结构和力学性能的影响机制,进一步强化和研究TiN涂层的优异性能。方法采用带有附加线圈磁场的电弧离子镀技术在不同N_2/Ar条件下制备TiN涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、超景深显微镜、维氏硬度计、薄膜应力仪和高温摩擦机观察涂层微观结构、测试力学性能。结果随着N_2/Ar流量比的增加,涂层表面形貌得到改善,大颗粒的数量和尺寸明显减少,表面变得光滑致密。TiN涂层的生长取向由沿(110)晶面择优生长,逐渐转变为沿(111)晶面择优生长。涂层显微硬度呈上升趋势,硬度最高为2260HV;当N_2/Ar流量比为2:1时,摩擦系数最低为0.71,磨损率最低为1.5×10~(-2)μm~3/(N·μm),磨痕边界清晰,大颗粒和磨屑较少。结论当N_2/Ar流量比为2:1时,TiN涂层结构致密,且具有最佳的各项力学性能。     

身管内膛热化学-机械烧蚀磨损数值计算

目的探究身管烧蚀和机械磨损的作用机理,完善身管热化学–机械烧蚀磨损模型,指导身管寿命预测和结构设计。方法以弹炮耦合系统摩擦行为为切入点,提出一种计及摩擦热的热化学烧蚀材料退化模型。基于Archard磨损理论和动压润滑原理,以动压润滑摩擦替换传统弹炮耦合过程采用的干摩擦,提出一种身管机械磨损材料退化模型。结果身管内膛烧蚀磨损主要集中在坡膛和炮口位置,500发射击后坡膛位置最大径向、周向烧蚀量分别为1.3、0.8 mm,炮口位置最大径向、周向机械磨损量分别为0.32、0.26 mm。结论材料退化模型能够较为准确地描述弹炮耦合系统中身管内膛的烧蚀磨损特性。数值模拟结果与实际膛线烧蚀磨损具备较好的一致性。     

Emission and Performance Characteristics of a 2 Litre Toyota Diesel Van Operating on Esterified Waste Cooking Oil and Mineral Diesel Fuel

Exhaust emission and performance characteristics were evaluated in a Toyota van, powered by a 21 indirect injection (IDI) naturally aspirated diesel engine, operating on vegetable based waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME).Tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer and the data were compared with previous results conducted on the same vehicle using mineral diesel fuel. The data obtained includes smoke opacity, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and brake power. Engine lubricating oil samples were also taken. Results from this study indicated a difference of approximately 9% in brake power between the two fuels. WCOME developed a significant lower smoke opacity level and reduced CO, CO₂, SO₂ emissions. However, O₂, NO₂ and NO levels were higher with the vegetable oil based fuel. Power values were comparable for both fuels. Lubricating oil analysis gave little change of viscosity and wear metal concentrations after 2887km were: Silicon 35ppm, Chromium 3.3ppm, Iron 33.8ppm, Copper 14.1ppm and lead 78.6ppm.     

堆芯中子通量测量系统指套管磨损分布规律及处理准则优化研究

目的 分析堆芯中子通量测量系统指套管磨损分布规律,提出处理准则优化建议.方法 统计了指套管在堆芯不同位置的磨损数量,分析了指套管磨损分布规律.结合指套管和导向管的结构特点和视频检查结果,分析了指套管的磨损原因,并提出了指套管磨损处理准则优化建议.结果 指套管磨损位置主要集中在P1和P4两处,其中P1位置磨损数量最多,而...     

轿车前制动噪声降噪方案研究

本文针对轿车出现的前制动噪声问题进行了研究和改进,以及采取改进方案后是否会对制动性能造成影响进行了系统的阐述。     

连接结构尺寸对三通管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟

针对石油管道运输系统中三通管的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM冲蚀预测模型,模拟分析了油品中夹带的固体颗粒对连接结构尺寸不同的三通管的冲蚀磨损情况,得出了颗粒对三通管冲蚀的分布规律。结果表明:T型三通管的冲蚀主要集中在与竖直管道正对的水平管道底部及其附近的外侧管壁,有球体弯头的三通管的冲蚀主要集中在球体附近水平管道的外侧管壁,且冲蚀磨损程度相对较小;随着流体流入速度的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率随之增大且呈指数增长;随着颗粒质量流量的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率均随之增大;当流体在2种不同的三通管中流动时,管道系统的最大冲蚀率的曲线变化趋势基本一致,均为先减小再增大;当管道弯头处球体的直径为管道直径的2倍时,管道的冲蚀速率最小,颗粒对于管道的冲蚀磨损程度最轻。